AI shopping is changing how people find and compare products, but B2B eCommerce does not follow a standard D2C buying journey. Wholesale buyers may need company accounts, negotiated prices, minimum quantities, payment terms, tax rules, and internal approvals.

That changes how merchants should approach B2B Shopify AI shopping agents. The goal should not be exposing every wholesale catalog or expecting an AI agent to complete every B2B transaction. A better approach is making public product information useful for supplier research while protecting customer-specific commerce.

Shopify currently states that its Agentic Storefronts support D2C sales. Products sold exclusively to B2B or wholesale customers are excluded when Shopify can identify them correctly. 

For merchants, this creates a practical two-layer strategy that includes making supplier information easy to find but keeping negotiated commerce controlled.

Quick Answer: B2B Shopify stores should make product specifications, applications, certifications, MOQ information, lead times, and sales paths easy to find. Customer-specific pricing, negotiated terms, restricted products, and account data should remain protected. AI agents can influence supplier research even when the final wholesale transaction happens through a logged-in B2B journey.

How Should B2B Shopify Stores Prepare for AI Shopping Agents?

How Should B2B Shopify Stores Prepare for AI Shopping Agents

B2B merchants should prepare for AI-assisted product and supplier discovery while maintaining access controls around wholesale commerce. Public content should help buyers determine whether a supplier fits their requirements before login, quotation, negotiation, or purchase. The key is deciding what belongs in the public discovery layer and what belongs inside the authenticated B2B experience.

Publish Product Details That Help Supplier Research

A buyer researching suppliers needs more than a short product description. Publish clear product types, applications, dimensions, materials, compatibility, certifications, technical documents, and other approved specifications. This information helps search engines and AI systems connect products with detailed buyer requirements.

Keep Contract Pricing Behind Login

Wholesale pricing may vary by company, company location, volume, agreement, or region. There is little value in exposing negotiated pricing simply to make products easier for AI systems to interpret. Instead, give public buyers a clear path to request pricing or access their company account.

Make MOQ, Case Pack, and Lead Time Clear

A product can technically match a buyer’s requirements while being commercially unsuitable. A buyer needing 100 units should know if the minimum order quantity is 5,000. Publishing MOQ, case-pack details, and general lead times helps buyers qualify suppliers earlier.

Structure Catalogs Around Buyer Groups

Shopify B2B catalogs control which products and prices B2B customers can access. On Basic, Grow, and Advanced plans, merchants can assign up to three active catalogs across B2B markets. Shopify Plus supports unlimited catalogs and direct assignment to companies and company locations. Merchants with more complex catalog requirements can review their setup as part of a broader Shopify Plus development strategy.

Test Logged-In B2B Checkout

Public discovery is only the beginning. Once a buyer signs in, verify company context, catalog pricing, quantity rules, shipping, taxes, discounts, payment terms, and order confirmation.

Track Quote Requests and AI-Influenced Leads

AI-assisted B2B research may not produce an immediate eCommerce transaction. A buyer might find your product through an AI answer, return through branded search, download a specification sheet, contact sales, and order weeks later.

Tracking needs to reflect that longer journey.

Readiness AreaWhat to PrepareWhy It Matters
Product dataSpecs, applications, variants, documentsSupports supplier matching
B2B catalogsProducts and pricing by buyer contextProtects commercial rules
Pricing pathQuote CTA or account loginGives buyers a clear next step
Quantity rulesMOQ, increments, case packsFilters unsuitable enquiries
Lead timeGeneral availability informationSupports procurement planning
Buyer accessCompany and location assignmentApplies the right B2B context
CheckoutTerms, taxes, shipping, discountsSupports actual purchasing
MeasurementQuotes, leads, branded search, revenueCaptures wider AI influence

Expert Insight: For B2B AI readiness, data completeness can matter more than data openness. An agent needs enough information to assess supplier fit, not access to every commercial term.

Can AI Shopping Agents Buy From a B2B Shopify Store?

Not through Shopify Agentic Storefronts as a standard B2B transaction today. Shopify states that Agentic Storefronts currently support D2C sales. Products identified as B2B-only are automatically excluded from those AI channels. This distinction matters because consumer agentic commerce and B2B supplier research are related, but they are not the same workflow.

B2B RequirementWhy Full AI Checkout Becomes Harder
Company authenticationBuyer context must be identified
Contract pricingPrice can vary by account
MOQ and quantity rulesRequested quantity must qualify
Payment termsCard checkout may not apply
Purchase approvalHuman authorization may be required
Tax treatmentRules can depend on account context
Negotiated agreementsFinal terms may require sales involvement

Wholesale Buying Often Requires Authentication

B2B customers commonly need to sign in before Shopify can determine their company, location, catalog, and eligible pricing. That authenticated context is important because two buyers viewing the same SKU may receive different commercial terms.

Pricing Depends on Company Context

Shopify B2B catalogs can control product availability and pricing. Multiple catalogs may also interact according to Shopify’s catalog assignment rules. An AI system seeing only a public product page cannot safely assume that one price applies to every wholesale buyer.

Payment May Use Terms Outside Normal D2C Checkout

Wholesale transactions can involve payment terms, invoices, ACH, stored payment methods, or internal procurement processes. The final transaction may therefore require company context even when AI helped discover the supplier.

Human Approval Still Matters

A purchasing team may need management approval before placing a large order. The supplier may also need to approve special pricing, freight arrangements, credit terms, or unusual quantities. AI can support research without removing those controls.

Consider: Do not remove useful B2B controls simply to make the store appear more “AI-ready.” Authentication and pricing restrictions often exist for valid commercial reasons.

Where Do AI Agents Influence the B2B Buying Journey?

AI can add significant value before the final B2B order. Buyers can use AI tools to define requirements, identify suppliers, compare products, check specifications, and prepare questions for sales teams. This early-stage influence is why public B2B content still matters even when wholesale products are excluded from Shopify’s D2C Agentic Storefronts.

Problem Definition and Supplier Research

A buyer may begin with a broad question rather than a product name. For example, a procurement manager might ask for food-grade packaging suitable for frozen products and a particular temperature range. Clear category pages, application content, industry terminology, and technical specifications give AI systems more context for identifying a possible supplier.

Product Shortlisting and Specification Matching

The next stage is qualification. Buyers may compare materials, dimensions, certifications, compatibility, order quantities, manufacturing location, or lead times. This is where detailed product data becomes more valuable than generic marketing copy.

Quote Preparation and Purchase Approval

Once a supplier reaches the shortlist, the process becomes more commercial. The buyer may request a quote, discuss volume pricing, verify freight, or send information to an internal procurement team. AI can help organize that information, but the final terms may still require human review.

Buying StagePotential AI RoleMerchant Preparation
Requirement definitionClarify buyer needApplication-focused content
Supplier researchIdentify vendorsClear company and category pages
ShortlistingCompare suitabilityDetailed product data
Specification matchingCheck technical fitStructured specifications
Quote preparationOrganize requirementsClear enquiry path
NegotiationSupporting roleHuman sales process
PurchaseLimited for B2B-only commerceTested account journey
ReorderSupport repeat researchConsistent SKU and account data

Expert Insight: In B2B eCommerce, AI’s strongest influence may happen before attribution begins. Supplier discovery and shortlisting can happen outside the store session.

What Blocks AI Agents From Wholesale Catalogs?

Wholesale eCommerce contains intentional access barriers. Login requirements, company-specific pricing, quantity rules, payment terms, and compliance controls can all limit what an unauthenticated AI system sees. The right response is not removing every barrier. It is deciding which information buyers need before authentication.

Login-Gated Product Access

Some merchants restrict entire wholesale ranges to authenticated customers. That protects the catalog but can leave little public information for buyers researching potential suppliers. A better structure may include public product-family or capability pages while keeping restricted SKUs protected.

Customer-Specific Price Lists

Negotiated prices should remain private when commercial agreements require it. Shopify B2B catalogs are specifically designed to control product availability and pricing by B2B context. 

Minimum Order Quantities

MOQ is different from negotiated pricing. Publishing a minimum quantity can help a buyer determine fit without exposing sensitive commercial terms.

Payment Terms and Purchase Orders

Payment arrangements often depend on the customer relationship. They can remain within the authenticated workflow while public content explains which general purchasing options are available.

Tax Exemption and Compliance Rules

Tax status and account-specific compliance details require verified customer context. Keep sensitive information protected while publishing approved certificates or compliance documentation useful during supplier evaluation.

BarrierEffect on DiscoveryRecommended Approach
Gated catalogLimits public product visibilityCreate public discovery content
Private pricingPrevents exact price comparisonKeep protected
MOQBuyer cannot judge order fitPublish where appropriate
Payment termsRequires account contextExplain generally
Tax statusRequires customer verificationKeep protected
CertificationsImportant for shortlistingPublish approved documents

Expert Insight: Visibility and access are different problems. A product family can be visible for supplier research without making private SKUs, prices, or buyer terms publicly accessible.

How Does a Two-Layer Catalog Strategy Support B2B AI Discovery?

How Does a Two-Layer Catalog Strategy Support B2B AI Discovery

A two-layer approach separates public supplier discovery from private wholesale commerce. This gives AI systems and prospective buyers useful information while preserving account-specific pricing and purchasing rules.

Build a Public Discovery Layer

Public pages should answer the questions a procurement team asks before contacting a supplier. Useful information can include product families, industries served, materials, dimensions, applications, certifications, MOQ, general lead times, and downloadable technical documents. These pages also create stronger search and GEO coverage for detailed buyer queries.

Protect the Gated Wholesale Layer

The authenticated layer can contain company-specific catalogs, exact pricing, negotiated volume agreements, payment terms, saved addresses, reorder history, and restricted products. That separation protects commercial information without weakening supplier discovery.

Do Not Hide Specifications With Pricing

This is a common B2B content mistake. A merchant may hide the entire product page because the price is private. As a result, specifications that are not commercially sensitive disappear as well. Separate the two wherever your business rules permit it.

Information TypePublic Discovery LayerAuthenticated B2B Layer
Product familyYesYes
ApplicationsYesYes
Technical specificationsUsuallyYes
CertificationsApproved documentsYes
MOQWhere commercially appropriateYes
General lead timeWhere appropriateAccount-specific availability
Contract pricingNoYes
Negotiated discountsNoYes
Payment termsGeneral options onlyCustomer-specific terms
Reorder historyNoYes

Do You Know? Shopify says it can detect B2B-only products through B2B catalogs, authentication requirements, and private storefront access. When detected, those products are excluded from Agentic Storefronts.

What Product Data Helps AI Match B2B Suppliers?

B2B AI discovery depends heavily on specification matching. A product title and short description may not contain enough information for an AI system to determine whether a supplier fits a technical requirement. Structured, precise product information gives buyers and machines more evidence.

Product Type, Application, and Industry

Describe what the product is and where it is commonly used. A title such as “Industrial Valve Series X4” gives less context than content explaining compatible systems, applications, operating environments, and industries.

Dimensions, Weight, Materials, and Compatibility

Technical buyers often search using constraints. Include units, dimensions, weight, material  grades, tolerances, compatibility, capacity, or other relevant product attributes. Avoid burying these facts inside images.

Certifications and Standards

Procurement may depend on compliance. Where appropriate, publish certification names, standards, expiry information, and approved documentation. Do not claim certifications the product does not hold.

Case Pack, Pallet Configuration, and MOQ

Wholesale buyers need to understand how products are supplied. Specify minimum quantity, units per case, cases per pallet, and ordering increments where those details can be public.

Lead Time and Country of Origin

Supply reliability can matter as much as price. General manufacturing or dispatch lead times can help buyers decide whether a supplier fits their procurement schedule.

Technical Documents

Make approved specification sheets, installation documents, compatibility guides, or safety information easy to locate. Use descriptive file names and surrounding HTML text so the document has clear context.

Shopify recommends keeping product titles, descriptions, categories, variants, options, pricing, inventory, and other product information complete and current for Shopify Catalog. 

Merchants using metafields, metaobjects, or custom product logic can also map preferred data sources into Shopify Catalog

Expert Insight: Write B2B product data for qualification, not only persuasion. A procurement buyer needs evidence that a product fits before they need sales copy.

Which Shopify B2B Features Matter for AI Readiness in 2026?

Which Shopify B2B Features Matter for AI Readiness in 2026

Shopify’s B2B capabilities now extend beyond Shopify Plus, although plan-level differences remain important.

Shopify B2B FeatureWhy It Matters
Company profilesIdentifies business customers
Company locationsAdds buyer-specific context
CatalogsControls products and pricing
Quantity rulesEnforces valid order quantities
Volume pricingSupports bulk price logic
Payment termsSupports B2B payment workflows
Account authenticationProtects buyer-specific data

Company Profiles and Locations

Company records give B2B buyers business context. Locations can represent branches or purchasing entities with different catalogs, addresses, tax settings, and commercial arrangements.

B2B Catalogs and Pricing

Shopify catalogs determine which products and prices eligible B2B customers can access. Basic, Grow, and Advanced currently support up to three active catalogs across B2B markets. Shopify Plus supports unlimited catalogs and direct assignment to companies and company locations. 

Quantity Rules and Volume Pricing

Quantity rules can control minimums, maximums, and increments. Volume pricing can apply price breaks when customers purchase specified quantities. These rules matter because a technically suitable product may still be commercially unsuitable at the requested volume.

Payment and Repeat-Buyer Features

B2B workflows can include payment terms and repeat purchasing requirements. Test these features using real company contexts rather than relying only on configuration screens.

Shopify Plus Controls

Complex B2B operations may still benefit from Shopify Plus when they require deeper catalog assignment, larger catalog structures, or more advanced commerce workflows. For stores reviewing platform fit, Shopify B2B development expertise can help connect catalog design with the wider storefront and integration architecture.

Consider: Shopify B2B uses company context, catalogs, pricing rules, quantity rules, and authenticated customer accounts to create buyer-specific commerce experiences.

How Should B2B Buyer Login and Access Control Work?

Buyer authentication should reveal the correct commercial experience without exposing account-specific data publicly. The test should follow the complete buyer journey.

Assign Buyers to the Correct Company

Confirm that every test user belongs to the intended company. Incorrect company assignment can produce the wrong catalog or account context.

Validate Company Locations

One company may have several purchasing locations. Test buyers from different locations because catalog assignments and other business rules can vary.

Protect Restricted Products and Prices

Shopify warns merchants using third-party B2B apps or custom theme logic to verify B2B-only restrictions carefully. Shopify may not always identify restrictions created outside its native detection methods. This point deserves special attention before enabling wider AI product discovery.

Review Buyer Permissions

Not every buyer should necessarily have the same purchasing authority. Test approval flows, account roles, and sensitive actions using realistic buyer accounts.

Expert Insight: Test access from the outside. An admin view cannot prove what an unauthenticated crawler, AI system, or real company buyer can see.

How Do Shopify Catalog and Agentic Storefronts Affect B2B Merchants?

Shopify Catalog provides structured product information to supported shopping and AI experiences. However, Shopify Agentic Storefronts currently support D2C sales rather than B2B-only sales. That makes eligibility and product visibility checks particularly important for blended B2B and D2C stores.

LayerRoleB2B Check
Shopify CatalogStructured product dataConfirm eligible products
Agentic StorefrontsAI shopping channelsUnderstand D2C limitation
B2B catalogsRestrict products/pricesVerify assignment
AuthenticationProtects private commerceTest logged-out access
/agents.mdStore discovery contextReview accuracy
Channel settingsControls Catalog accessReview active channels

Shopify Catalog Supports Structured Product Discovery

Shopify Catalog can represent titles, descriptions, images, prices, availability, options, and other attributes in structured form. Supported AI channels can use that data for product discovery, comparison, and recommendations.

B2B-Only Products Need Correct Classification

Shopify says it automatically excludes B2B-only products from Agentic Storefronts when it can identify them. Native B2B catalogs, authentication requirements, and private storefront access are among its identification signals. 

Agent Discovery Files Add Store Context

Shopify automatically serves /agents.md, /llms.txt, and /llms-full.txt discovery URLs. Shopify describes /agents.md as the canonical agent discovery URL. These files can include store context and discovery endpoints, but they do not replace Shopify Catalog. 

Review Agentic Channel Settings

Eligible merchants can review AI channel access from Sales channels > Agentic. Shopify also provides search previews and listing-quality information to help merchants review how products may perform in agentic discovery. 

Do You Know? Blocking an AI crawler through robots.txt does not stop Shopify Catalog syndication to Agentic Storefronts you have activated. Shopify treats these as separate discovery paths. 

How Should You Test B2B Shopify Checkout?

AI-assisted discovery has little commercial value if the authenticated buying journey breaks afterward. Test checkout as a real company buyer with realistic quantities, pricing, addresses, and payment conditions.

Test Catalog-Specific Pricing

Sign in through accounts assigned to different companies or locations. Confirm that the correct products and prices appear before and after items enter the cart.

Test MOQ and Volume Pricing

Check minimums, maximums, increments, and price breaks. Test boundary values, such as one unit below and above a pricing threshold.

Test Payment Terms and Order Workflows

Verify the payment methods and terms available to each account. Where your operation uses quotes, draft orders, or invoice workflows, test those paths separately.

Test Shipping, Tax, and Discounts

B2B rules can interact with shipping regions, tax treatment, discount logic, and catalog pricing. Use realistic combinations instead of testing each setting alone.

Test Reordering

Repeat purchasing is important in wholesale commerce. Make sure buyers can identify previous products, quantities, SKUs, and the correct current pricing.

A broader Shopify technical audit can help identify conflicts extending beyond the B2B configuration itself.

Consider: Run at least one complete test using a non-admin browser session. Admin permissions can hide problems that real buyers encounter.

How Can AI Agents Support Your Internal B2B Operations?

Agentic commerce is not limited to buyer-side shopping. AI agents can also assist internal wholesale teams with repetitive, information-heavy workflows.

Turn Order Requests Into Draft Work

An internal agent could extract SKUs, quantities, delivery requirements, and buyer details from structured order requests. A staff member should verify the information before an order becomes binding.

Identify Potential Reorder Opportunities

Agents can review approved account data and flag customers whose normal purchasing cycle may be approaching. The account manager can decide whether outreach is appropriate.

Route Accounts and Enquiries

Incoming enquiries can be categorized by geography, product family, order size, or account status. This can help sales teams prioritize work without allowing the agent to make commercial commitments.

Prepare Quote Information

An agent can gather relevant product details and customer context before sales reviews the quotation. Special pricing should still follow defined approval rules.

Internal UsePotential ValueControl
Order extractionReduces manual entryStaff verification
Reorder signalsSupports account follow-upHuman outreach decision
Lead routingDirects enquiriesDefined assignment rules
Quote preparationCollects relevant informationSales approval
Exception detectionFlags unusual termsHuman review

Expert Insight: Start internal agents with preparation and recommendation tasks before giving them authority over pricing or binding commercial actions.

Why Do Inventory and Lead-Time Signals Matter for Wholesale AI Discovery?

B2B buyers often care about supply reliability as much as product suitability. A supplier with the correct product may still be unsuitable if stock, production capacity, or lead times cannot meet the buyer’s requirements.

Keep Availability Information Current

Stale stock information creates poor recommendations and unnecessary sales inquiries. Shopify Catalog continuously updates eligible product pricing and availability for its supported AI channels.

Show General Bulk Lead Times

Where practical, distinguish between in-stock dispatch, standard bulk lead time, and made-to-order production. Avoid presenting an estimate as a guaranteed delivery date.

Explain Backorder Rules

If buyers can order beyond current stock, explain what happens next. Include expected communication and fulfillment steps.

Support Replenishment

Consistent SKU naming and account data make repeat purchasing easier for both buyers and internal systems.

Connect Operational Systems

Wholesale inventory may come from ERP, PIM, WMS, accounting, or warehouse systems. Keeping those systems aligned with Shopify reduces data conflicts. This is where Shopify integration services can support inventory, ERP, CRM, and other commerce data flows.

SignalWhy Buyers Care
AvailabilityConfirms current supply
Lead timeSupports procurement schedules
Backorder statusSets realistic expectations
SKU consistencySupports repeat ordering
ERP syncKeeps operational data aligned
Location inventorySupports fulfillment planning

What Is a Practical B2B AI Shopping Agent Readiness Plan?

What Is a Practical B2B AI Shopping Agent Readiness Plan

A practical readiness plan should begin with visibility and access boundaries, then move through product data, catalogs, buyer journeys, integrations, and measurement.

Step 1: Audit Public Product Visibility

Review your store while logged out. Identify which products, category pages, specifications, policies, and technical documents are publicly accessible.

Step 2: Separate Public Specs From Private Pricing

Decide which product information can support supplier research. Keep contract pricing and account-specific terms protected.

Step 3: Add MOQ, Case Pack, and Lead Time

Fill the information gaps that affect wholesale qualification. Use consistent terminology and units.

Step 4: Review B2B Catalog Assignments

Check catalogs, companies, company locations, and product availability. Pay special attention to blended B2B and D2C stores.

Step 5: Test Logged-In Buyer Journeys

Test product visibility, prices, quantities, cart, shipping, payment, discounts, and repeat purchasing.

Step 6: Create Clear Quote and Sales Paths

Give buyers a clear next action when pricing or technical confirmation requires human involvement.

Step 7: Add AI-Influence Measurement

Track quote forms, technical-document downloads, account creation, branded search, and direct AI-channel activity where available.

Step 8: Review Product Data Regularly

Update specifications, certifications, lead times, inventory rules, and product mappings when the underlying information changes.

Which B2B AI Readiness Mistakes Should Wholesale Merchants Avoid?

The biggest mistake is treating B2B agentic commerce like D2C ecommerce with larger quantities. Wholesale discovery and purchasing have different information and access requirements.

Treating B2B AI Readiness Like D2C SEO

Generic collection copy and consumer-focused descriptions may not answer procurement questions. Add technical, commercial, and application context.

Hiding Specifications Because Pricing Is Private

Price confidentiality does not automatically make dimensions, materials, applications, or certifications confidential. Separate them when business policy allows.

Leaving MOQ and Case Packs Out

Missing quantity information can attract unsuitable enquiries. Publish order requirements clearly where appropriate.

Using Thin Product Descriptions

A short description gives AI systems fewer signals for matching detailed buyer requirements. Write around real applications and product attributes instead.

Forgetting Buyer Context

Catalogs and pricing can depend on company and location. Always test with realistic buyer accounts.

Measuring Only Last-Click Sales

B2B discovery can happen long before an order. Include quotes, account creation, documentation activity, and sales feedback in reporting.

How Can CartCoders Prepare Shopify B2B Stores for AI-Driven Discovery?

B2B AI readiness sits across product data, Shopify configuration, technical access, integrations, SEO, and measurement. Treating each area separately can leave gaps between public discovery and authenticated commerce.

B2B Catalog and Product Data Review

CartCoders can review catalog structure, product attributes, metafields, company assignments, and buyer-facing product information. The goal is to make approved information useful for supplier research without exposing protected commerce data.

Shopify SEO and AI Discovery Review

Traditional search visibility still matters because AI systems can also discover information through the open web. Our Shopify SEO services can support product structure, technical SEO, content, entity signals, and discoverability alongside Shopify’s agentic features.

Company Account, Pricing, and Checkout Testing

B2B testing should cover company assignments, locations, catalogs, quantity rules, pricing, cart behavior, shipping, taxes, and payment paths. This connects AI-assisted research with a working buyer experience.

Shopify Catalog Readiness

For blended stores, review which products are public, D2C, B2B-only, or restricted. Product mapping, catalog data, agent discovery information, and channel settings should reflect those boundaries accurately.

ERP, CRM, PIM, and Inventory Integration

B2B product information often originates outside Shopify. Connecting the right systems can keep pricing, inventory, customer, and product data consistent across the buying journey.

AI Commerce Tracking and Reporting

Reporting can combine direct AI traffic with quote requests, account creation, branded discovery, technical-document engagement, and account revenue. This provides a more realistic picture of B2B AI influence.

Final Verdict: B2B AI Readiness Starts With Public Specs and Protected Pricing

B2B merchants should not treat AI readiness as a race to expose every product and price.

AI Agents Influence Research More Than B2B Checkout

Shopify’s current Agentic Storefronts support D2C sales and exclude identifiable B2B-only products. The larger B2B opportunity is therefore supplier research, qualification, and shortlisting.

Product Specifications Should Be Easy to Find

Give buyers enough public information to judge technical and commercial fit. Applications, materials, dimensions, certifications, MOQ, case packs, and general lead times can all contribute.

Contract Pricing Should Stay Protected

Negotiated rates, private discounts, payment terms, and account-specific products should remain within the appropriate authenticated experience.

B2B Checkout Still Needs Real-Buyer Testing

A strong discovery layer cannot compensate for incorrect catalog pricing or broken quantity rules. Test the full company journey.

Attribution Should Include Shortlist Signals

Quote requests, spec downloads, new company accounts, branded searches, sales-source feedback, and account revenue can reveal influence that session-level analytics misses.

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